What is Governance?
Giverbabce to achieve a common goal, it can be said to be a device that enables all stakeholders to make decisions responsibly and transparently under a given resource constraint.
The term governance, which is used in various academic fields such as public administration and political science, has no clear definition of the concept and no specific type. However, many scholars study governance in various ways and use the term governance to explain various phenomena related to policy in the operation of government or society.
Governance is also translated as 'state management' or 'public management' according to the definition of the administrative term dictionary, and in recent years, the view of administration as a concept of 'governance' is spreading. In another sense, it is used as a concept that means new and reformative to replace the negative image of traditional concepts such as government and administration.
The concept of governance is important in the new public 共管 theory and is distinguished from 'governance', which refers to organizations such as the governance body of the state or government. In other words, 'governance' can be understood as a comprehensive concept that focuses on the complex functions of the administrative service supply system by various public organizations from local communities to the international community, and the nuance of management is stronger than the meaning of governance and governance.
Governance can be understood as a collective human activity as a pattern of interaction between multiple organizational systems or organizational networks that make up the supply system of public services, such as government, quasi-governmental organizations, 半, non-profit, and volunteer organizations.
In other words, it can be seen that it refers to various processes and activities in which people with representation decide and operate rules, regulations, laws, and policies in order to manage and operate a country or society. This covers a wide range of activities, including policy decisions, regulations, enforcement and monitoring, including systems in which the powers and powers required for each process are exercised and managed.
"From government to governance"
The starting point of governance is the rule of law that regulates the rights, obligations, etc. of members. (Rosenas, 1992) At the basis of the governance discussion, there is an assumption that 'all members act in accordance with the given regulations' at the level of governance. It should be noted here that rule domination does not mean only command and control.
The concept of governance has been discussed and discussed in various fields such as politics, administration, and society. In addition, it was used in the form of environmental governance and local governance by accepting new activities from the state, society, or various actors.
Traditional governance refers to a system of governance based on traditional norms, customs, and beliefs based on hierarchies (bureaucratic or traditional forms of government organization), markets, networks, etc. Traditional governance systems vary in cultural, social, and political contexts, but generally emphasize community-based decision-making, consensus-building, and respect for local traditions and customs.
Depending on who owns what kind of authority and what rights and obligations exist among members, the type of governance is It can be divided into several forms.
Conceptualization of Governance
1. Governance and New Governance: Social coordination
Betham (1996), type of social coordination - solving social problems by coordinating interactions between various individuals
A. Market (Economy): An institutional mechanism that adjusts the behavior of a large number of individuals in an automatic and horizontal way through the operation of price mechanisms without restricting individual freedom or imposing unequal status between individuals (self-governance).
B. Bureaucratic (government): An institutional mechanism that coordinates individual behavior through a hierarchical structure of authority and coercion in which individual positions are inherently unequal.
C. Democracy (civil society): an institutional mechanism for coordinating individual behavior through participation in the decision-making process between equal individuals and autonomous control and coercion - co-governance
Types of Social Adjustment by Koiman (2000)
A. Co-governance: Governance through voluntary interactions such as networks and partnerships
B. Hierarchical governance: Governance by formal command/control
C. Self-governance (self-governance) is a collection of personal choices/actions.
Classification of Governance Concepts
| Sortation | Concepts and Features of Governance |
|---|---|
| Definition of the 'best' | * Concept of Governance as a Common Problem Solving Mechanism* a non-state enterprise, Including social coordination at various unit levels, such as international relations.* Rather than solving a particular problem, the organization, Society, Or understand governance as a way to solve the problems facing the entire country. |
| broad definition | * The concept of governance as a mechanism for solving public problems related to government by the state* Negotiations between various stakeholders in the process of policy making and enforcement, adjustment of social systems, including compromise(coordination)emphasis on the role of government* Recognition that governance has a political character |
| definition of consultation | * The role of bureaucracy within the realm of political authority is diminished and democracy is reduced.(Network)the increasing severity of the role of* reflecting the government's perception of limitations along with active civic participation in the policy process* Emphasis on the importance of a diverse network of actors participating in the policy process |
The definition of 'best interest' and the definition of 'social coordination' have something in common.
governance type classification
Rhodes(2000)
Rhodes classifies the types based on the following seven characteristics.
- Corporate governance: Governance related to the management and supervision of private enterprises and enterprises, emphasizing procedures such as audit, transparency, and information disclosure, and establishing internal policies and procedures to ensure the responsibility, transparency and ethical behavior of management and board members.
Good governance: A concept designed by aid donors and international financial institutions, also known as desirable, good, sound, or true, to increase the effectiveness of overseas aid. The World Bank defines public sector management (bureaucratic reform and Ming film) as "the institutional capacity of public organizations to effectively, transparently, fairly, and responsibly provide public goods or other goods required by citizens or voters of a country with limited resources."
It presents transparency and information (support for free media and public relations for government statistics sugh as budget presentation).- New Public Management (NPR): Emphasis on the Improvement of Government Bureaucracy Management Efficiency by Private Management Techniques
- New political economy: Government/civil society/Emphasis on changes in boundaries between markets
- Emphasis on the absence of a single power center in international interrelationships
- Society - socio-cybernetic system)
- Network
Newman(2001)
Emphasis is placed on different types of governance related to government structures/operational methods and roles
- a hierarchical type that emphasizes centralization and continuity/order
- Rational goal types that are centralized and emphasize innovation/change
- Type of open system that is decentralized and emphasizes innovation/change
- Type of autonomy that emphasizes decentralization and continuity/order
Peters (1996): Market model, participation model, new model, de-internal regulatory model
Andrew and Goldsmith (1998): privatisation, compulsory bidding, contractual arrangements, decentralisation, independent enforcement agencies.
Pierre (1999): managerial (NPM management emphasis), unionist (emphasis on participation of various interest groups)
Kim Seok-jun et al. (2000): State-oriented, market-oriented, civil society-oriented governance
Considine and Lewis (1999): procedural bureaucracy, corporate bureaucracy, market bureaucracy, network bureaucracy.
Reference
Lee Myung-seok (2002). the conceptualization of governance Korean Journal of Public Administration, 36 (4), 321-338.
Rhodes, R. (1997). Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexity and Accountability. Bristrol, PA: Open University Press
Rosenau, J. (1992). Governance, Order, and Changes in World Politics. in Rosenau, J. and E. Czempiel. (1992). Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, 1-29. Cambridge University Press.
World Bank. (1992). Governance and Development. World Bank, Washington.
