MPOX* is an acute rash infectious disease caused by infection with the monkeypox virus, a genus of orthopoxvirus in the poxviridae family, and is an acute febrile rash disease with symptoms similar to those of poxviridae but reported to be milder.
▌Occurrence
Mpox was first detected in laboratory monkeys in 1958, and the first case of human infection was reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. Until the 2022 pandemic, it was endemic mainly in the rural rainforests of Central and West Africa.
’22. 5. Since one case of monkeypox influx (Nigeria) was reported in the United Kingdom on the 7th, cases have been reported in several countries such as the United States (29,687), Brazil (10,293), Spain (7,416), France (4,114), and Colombia (3,908), and the number of cases is increasing and the area of occurrence is expanding.
▌Infection and route of infection+
M-fox is a zoonotic disease that can be infected by people infected with the monkeypox virus, infected animals (such as rats, squirrels, rodents such as prairie dogs, and monkeys ), or by contact with contaminated materials.
It is mainly transmitted through contact with symptomatic infected patients and can also be infected by contact with respiratory secretions, but droplet transmission is less likely than respiratory infectious diseases (such as COVID-19). THERE ARE REPORTS OF POSSIBLE INFECTION DURING CLOSE PROXIMITY EXPOSURE IN CONFINED SPACES FOR A LONG TIME, SUCH AS EXPOSURE WITHIN 1 M FOR MORE THAN 3 HOURS)
There have been cases of asymptomatic infection in some monkeypox patients, but no solid evidence has yet been reported on the possibility of virus transmission in asymptomatic infected people.
Example infection route
▌Clinical symptoms
Generally, fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, muscle pain and back pain, headache, and respiratory symptoms (sore throat, nasal congestion, cough, etc.) begin, and the rash usually appears after 1~4 day. The rash can appear on the face, mouth, hands, feet, chest, and near the genitalia.
▌Test method
Currently, the EMFOX diagnostic test is being performed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Provincial Institute of Health and Environment. If you visit a medical institution and the doctor determines that you suspect that you have mfox, you will report it to the public health center, and if you are a doctor-patient, the examination procedure will be carried out.
▌Treatment
▌Preventive vaccines
People infected with Mfox, infected animals (such as monkeys and rodents), or material contaminated with the virus can cause infection, so be aware of the following:
▌Occurrence
Mpox was first detected in laboratory monkeys in 1958, and the first case of human infection was reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. Until the 2022 pandemic, it was endemic mainly in the rural rainforests of Central and West Africa.
’22. 5. Since one case of monkeypox influx (Nigeria) was reported in the United Kingdom on the 7th, cases have been reported in several countries such as the United States (29,687), Brazil (10,293), Spain (7,416), France (4,114), and Colombia (3,908), and the number of cases is increasing and the area of occurrence is expanding.
▌Infection and route of infection+
M-fox is a zoonotic disease that can be infected by people infected with the monkeypox virus, infected animals (such as rats, squirrels, rodents such as prairie dogs, and monkeys ), or by contact with contaminated materials.
It is mainly transmitted through contact with symptomatic infected patients and can also be infected by contact with respiratory secretions, but droplet transmission is less likely than respiratory infectious diseases (such as COVID-19). THERE ARE REPORTS OF POSSIBLE INFECTION DURING CLOSE PROXIMITY EXPOSURE IN CONFINED SPACES FOR A LONG TIME, SUCH AS EXPOSURE WITHIN 1 M FOR MORE THAN 3 HOURS)
There have been cases of asymptomatic infection in some monkeypox patients, but no solid evidence has yet been reported on the possibility of virus transmission in asymptomatic infected people.
Example infection route
▷ (Skin lesion by-products) Body fluids of infected people and animals, skin· Direct contact with mucosal lesions (rashes, scabs, etc.)
▷(Media) Contact with objects, cloth (clothing, bedding or towels) and surfaces used by infected people or animals.
▷(Droplets) Contact with respiratory secretions (infectious droplets in the nose, mouth, pharynx, mucous membranes, alveoli)
▷(Other) Vertical infection from infected mother to fetus through the placenta
▌Clinical symptoms
Generally, fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, muscle pain and back pain, headache, and respiratory symptoms (sore throat, nasal congestion, cough, etc.) begin, and the rash usually appears after 1~4 day. The rash can appear on the face, mouth, hands, feet, chest, and near the genitalia.
※ Cases that have been circulating in non-endemic countries since May '22 may be that there is no prodromal device (fever, etc.) before the rash or that the prodromal device appears after the rash. The number of rashes may be less than 5 on a specific area (genitalia), and a large number of cases have been reported with ulcers, oral mucosal ulcers, anorectal pain , eye pain , and second-degree post-occlusion.
※ The rash usually starts from the spots and progresses in several stages (spots→papules→blisters (blisters)→pus (pus)→crusts (scabs)) and may initially look like rashes or blisters, accompanied by pain and itching. Hamm.
▌Test method
- For the EMFOX diagnostic test, a gene detection test is required to detect the monkeypox virus-specific gene in the oropharyngeal smear, skin lesion fluid, skin lesion tissue, skin, and blood of the doctor's patient.
- It takes about 6 hours for the test result to be received after the doctor's sample is received in the laboratory
- Due to the nature of infectious diseases, viral genes are not detected during the incubation period before symptoms appear, so it may be difficult to identify infection.
Currently, the EMFOX diagnostic test is being performed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Provincial Institute of Health and Environment. If you visit a medical institution and the doctor determines that you suspect that you have mfox, you will report it to the public health center, and if you are a doctor-patient, the examination procedure will be carried out.
▌Treatment
- Most cases of MPOX infection are reported to be mild and cured after 2-4 weeks, usually with symptomatic palliative treatment.
- In high-risk groups (immunocompromised people, children, pregnant women, lactating women, people with underlying diseases, etc.), rarely progresses to severe disease (bleeding, sepsis, encephalitis, fused lesions, etc.), or complications (secondary bacterial infection, severe gastritis, diarrhea, dehydration, bronchopneumonia, etc.), which can be fatal in the event of complications such as pneumonia or infections in the brain (encephalitis) or eyes.
- If the result of the EMFOX diagnostic test is positive, the patient will be hospitalized in isolation and given symptomatic treatment, and the medical staff will administer treatments such as antivirals if necessary, taking into account the severity of the patient and the risk of death. Antivirals ( tecovirimat) are only used when the clinical benefits expected of the patient outweigh the risks, so consultation with your doctor is necessary regarding treatment.
▌Preventive vaccines
- Currently, the third-generation Duchang vaccine (JYNNEOS), which has proven effective against both Duchang and Empox (monkeypox), has been introduced.
- The Empox vaccine is intended for high-risk groups* who are relatively likely to be exposed to the virus. (* Refers to close contacts whose contact intensity with a confirmed case is greater than or equal to medium risk, and medical personnel who treat a confirmed patient.
- The US FDA and the European EMA have introduced the third-generation poxx, which has been approved for the prevention of poxtail and mpox (monkeypox). Pre-exposure vaccination is intended for laboratory personnel, medical staff in treatment beds, and epidemiological investigators who are likely to be exposed to the monkeypox virus, and post-exposure vaccination is for those who have been exposed to a confirmed case and are at greater than moderate risk. Vaccination for the general public is not required.
▌Prevention
People infected with Mfox, infected animals (such as monkeys and rodents), or material contaminated with the virus can cause infection, so be aware of the following:
- Avoid direct or indirect contact with infected (at risk of infection) people or animals.
- Avoid contact with items used by infected patients (tableware, cups, bedding, towels, clothing, etc.).
- Wash your hands frequently with soap and water or use alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
- Especially, before eating or touching your face, after using the toilet