Hegel's philosophy is idealism. By understanding the development of history as the realization of the absolute spirit, Hegel prioritized the spirit and understood matter as secondary. In contrast, materialism is a way of thinking about the source of the world as material. The idea is that the mind is nothing more than the action of matter because matter comes first. The mind is the action of the brain, and when the brain dies, the action, the mind, also disappears.
Idealism and materialism
The history of materialism can go up to Democristo in ancient Greece. He understood the fundamental matter that made up the world as atoms. The concept of atoms used in modern physics also originated here. Democristo understood that everything is made up of atoms, and that the mind is also the action of atoms. This materialism does not form the mainstream of Western philosophy, pushed by the idealism centered on Plato's ideology philosophy. And then, at the end of the modern era, we report a spectacular revival. The protagonist is Marx (1818-1883).
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the stage of the development of history
Marx often reminds me of communism. You can see that there is a country that still maintains a communist system, and you can see how much his influence has been.'So far, philosophy has interpreted the world, but the important thing is to transform the world.The words 'can be seen from the philosophical ideals he had. Marx embraces Hegel's dialectics and Feuerbach's materialism to organize dialectical and historical materialism that explains the changes of the world. Marx views history's development engine as a contradiction between material-based productivity and production relations. Unlike Hegel, who saw history as being developed by human consciousness or ideas, he saw material production as the driving force for historical development. According to Marx, history develops in five stages.
The first stage is a primitive communist society.
A primitive communist society is a society formed on the basis of a naturally occurring community, such as a family or tribe. In the early stages of historical development, humans maintained their lives through gathering or hunting in nature. At that time, productivity was rapidly low, so everyone who could work from adults to children had to work together with me. That's how I was able to maintain my life. Naturally, there can be no concept of "inequality" because the private property system has not been formed. There was no room for private property or inequality because there was no surplus product left to eat.
The second stage is an ancient slave society.
The productive power of society develops. This is because tools for production develop and human technology for production accumulates. As stoneware, a tool used in primitive communist society, turned into ironware, the hourly labor productivity increased, and the right-wing was introduced, what many people used to have to do was possible with the power of a cow. If productivity develops in this way, you can get enough surplus product for many people to eat. The emergence of surplus products has important implications. Surplus products not only greatly strengthened the power of the chief to manage them, but also paved the way for the privatization of products. Now you have the power to monopolize surplus products and you have the power to privatize means of production, such as land. As a result, you have the class of slaves and slaves. The ancient slave society is a system where the slave owners monopolize the product and produce from the labor of Oye. Ancient Greece and Rome is a representative example, but as Hegel said, only some of them, like nobles and free people, were free and many slaves had to live miserable lives. Slaves' way of resisting miserable lives was by fleeing or uprisings. The unsustainable slaves either fled far away or gathered together to revolt. The Spartacus rebellion of ancient Rome would be representative. Slave revolts cut off a stable supply of labor and shook up the economic structures based on slavery. As a result, the society that appeared on the stage of history is the medieval feudal society. The class in charge of production in this society was serfs. They worked on the lord's land and gave part of the harvest. You couldn't own the land, but you could occupy it and use it. Of course, serfs were not free because they were subordinated to the lord both socially and economically. But it was very different from slaves in that they were able to have their own products, as well as form a family and have the means of production. You can say that the status is better than the slaves. However, with the development of handicrafts and commerce, serfs began to sell their own products, and a certain amount of the huafe produced here was paid to the lord. As this method flourishes, feudal production methods begin to falter. Here, as the lords ruthlessly exploit the serfs, various forms of uprisings occur. In other words, the development of commerce and the revolt of serfs shake the foundation of feudalism to create a new society.
Serfs were recognized for some occupation and were able to have some means of production, so their interest in labor and production deepened. Thanks to that, the Middle Ages developed much faster in terms of productive power compared to ancient times. At the end of the Middle Ages, the development of handicrafts that manufacture means of production and various agricultural products emerged, promoting the development of commerce that exchanges and sells them. Then, the nature of commerce changes beyond the existing custom production method to the production of goods. Serfs also demand the right to sell their products on the market, and lords also recognize new ways to accumulate wealth.
Capitalist society emerged because the existing feudal production relationship could not accept such a rapidly increased productive power. Some of the craftsmen of the late Middle Ages accumulated capital through the exchange and sale of goods, while others fell and had to earn wages through labor to make ends meet. Wealthy merchants and craftsmen now become industrial capitalists, and the fallen and the poor peasants strategize as wage earners. You have a class that represents the capitalist style of production of capitalists and workers.
The capitalists own the means of production, such as factories and machines, and the workers live on wages instead of providing them with their own labor. Human labor has the power to create surplus value in the process, and capitalists exploit that surplus value to accumulate wealth. Because workers do not own production otters, they have no choice but to live in tenuous conditions, paying enough wages to make ends meet.
Capital is constantly trying to multiply itself. This nature of capital intensifies competition among capitalists. In the process, capital is concentrated more and more on a small number of capitalists. Moreover, the workers who make up the majority of society become more needy and poor, unable to afford to buy things. The phenomenon caused by this contradiction of capitalism is 'economic panic'. After all, workers who can no longer bear it unite and revolutionize. The result is a 'communist society'.
Communist society is a world where the private property system has disappeared. This is because the proletariat, which took control of the means of production through revolution, abolished private ownership and jointly produced and distributed what society needed. It is not a relationship in which someone suppresses or exploits someone because it is a method of jointly owning, jointly producing, and distributing the means of production as needed. It was a communist society where exploited and marginalized workers could achieve labor liberation and live true lives.
